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Skinception Illuminatural 6i Review

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Are you looking for a more even complexion or to get rid of dark spots and blemishes? Many people will go to extraordinary measures to get rid of these “imperfections” by risking treatments with toxin-heavy ingredients. Skinception Illuminatural 6i is designed to be a safe alternative to support the results you’re looking for.

We’ll take an in-depth look at Skinception Illuminatural 6i to see if it is effective for removing skin discoloration.

What Is Skinception Illuminatural 6i?

Skinception Illuminatural 6i Advanced Skin lightener is a topical serum formulated without chemicals, steroids, or harsh ingredients. The product promises to reduce the appearance of dark spots, age spots, acne scars, and other skin imperfections. 

Six active ingredients work together to fade hyperpigmentation (dark spots) on the skin while helping lighter and new skin cells rise to the surface. They do this by suppressing the formation of tyrosinase, the enzyme involved in the production of melanin that makes dark spots more visible [1]. The formula also helps to block harmful UV rays with plant-based sun filters. 

There are many other benefits on offer from Skinception Illuminatural 6i, including smoother skin with fewer large pores, the return of tightness and elasticity, improved collagen production that reduces wrinkles, and a reduction in acne scars. 

The moisturizing ingredients in this product also hydrate your skin while you sleep for softer, supple, and more moisturized skin in the morning. The formula also helps to promote healthy skin cell regeneration.

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Skinception Illuminatural 6i Ingredients

The active ingredients used in Skinception Illuminatural 6i include:

Skinception Illuminatural 6i Ingredients
  • Arbutin.
  • Niacinamide.
  • Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate.
  • Whitonyl.
  • Sodium Lactate.
  • Ronaflair Softshade.

There are also several inactive ingredients listed below.

Arbutin

Arbutin is a natural compound found in the dried leaves of the bearberry plant. Arbutin works by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase, which balances melanin levels on the skin. As a result, your skin can produce even amounts of melanin and is less likely to develop dark spots [2].

Skinception Illuminatural 6i Review: Arbutin reduced UVR-induced hyperpigmentation by 43.5%. And when combined with aleosin it got reduced up to 63.3%

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8301119/

Arbutin reduced UVR-induced hyperpigmentation by 43.5%. And when combined with aleosin it got reduced up to 63.3%

Niacinamide

Niacinamide is an effective skin-lightening ingredient that has been proven to improve the appearance of dark spots and other pigmentation issues [3]. Niacinamide also minimizes fine lines and wrinkles, which leads to a more youthful appearance.

Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate

Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate is a type of vitamin C that has been proven to reduce hyperpigmentation [4]. This ingredient also helps increase collagen production and fade the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles on the skin.

Whitonyl

Whitonyl is a brightening ingredient that works as an exfoliant to remove dead skin cells from the skin’s surface. This reduces hyperpigmentation and helps create a more even tone on your face.

Sodium Lactate

Sodium lactate is a natural ingredient that inhibits the enzymatic activity of tyrosinase to reduce the development of pigmentation. It improves the moisturizing effect of the skin and should help reduce the appearance of dark spots over time [5].

Ronaflair Softshade

Ronaflair Softshade is an effective skin-lightening ingredient that helps reduce the appearance of dark spots and other pigmentation issues on your skin. It also works as an exfoliant that removes dead skin cells to allow for new cell production on the skin’s surface.

Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice

Aloe barbadensis leaf juice, also known as aloe vera, has many beneficial properties. This ingredient increases your skin’s moisture content, making it softer and smoother over time. It can also help reduce pain associated with minor injuries on the skin [6].

Dimethicone

Dimethicone is a silicon-based polymer that works as an emollient and skin protectant. It not only makes your skin feel smooth but also helps prevent the loss of water from the deeper layers of your skin and locks in moisture to prevent dryness and irritation on your face.

Skinception Illuminatural 6i Review: Dimethicone showed to improve atopic dermatitis in dogs

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3654275/

Dimethicone showed to improve atopic dermatitis in dogs

 

Palmaria Palmata Extract

Palmaria palmitate extract is made from red algae. This ingredient works as an emollient and skin protectant that makes your skin feel softer and smoother. It also reduces the appearance of blemishes, and will brighten and firm the skin [7].

Titanium Dioxide

Titanium dioxide is a skin protectant that blocks UV rays to prevent sun damage on your face. 

Silica

Silica is a skin protectant that works as an exfoliant and thickening agent. The additive helps enhance the product’s texture and makes it feel smoother.

Mica

Mica is a mineral that works as an exfoliant to remove dead skin cells. This ingredient also adds shimmer to the formula, giving your face a more radiant appearance.

Beta-Glucan

Beta-glucan is a type of plant sugar that has antioxidant properties. This ingredient helps to reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation, fine lines, and wrinkles on your face.

Camella Sinensis (Green tea) Leaf Extract

Camellia sinensis leaf extract works as an antioxidant that prevents the degradation of free radicals in the body. It also has many beneficial properties, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Vitis Vinifera (Grap) Seed Extract

Vitis vinifera seed extract is derived from grape seeds. It works as an antioxidant that helps prevent the degradation of free radicals in the body. This ingredient also has anti-inflammatory properties, reducing swelling and calming your skin when you use this product on your face.

Vaccinium Myrtillus (Bilberry Extract)

Vaccinium myrtillus fruit extract, commonly known as bilberry extract, is a natural antioxidant. Bilberry extract also has anti-inflammatory properties and will soothe your skin.

Silybum Marianum (Milk Thistle) Extract

Silybum marianum extract is a natural antioxidant that comes from milk thistle. It works as an exfoliant and helps remove dead skin cells. This ingredient also has anti-inflammatory properties, which may reduce swelling and smooth your skin.

Ginkgo Biloba Extract

Ginkgo biloba extract has many beneficial properties and is a common ingredient in anti-aging products and facial serums. This antioxidant works as an exfoliant and helps remove dead skin cells to reveal new cell production on the surface of your skin. It also aids blood flow to the face, promoting a healthy complexion.

Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract

Pinus pinaster bark extract is a natural antioxidant that works as an exfoliant and helps remove dead skin cells. This ingredient also has anti-inflammatory properties and reduces swelling.

Tocopheryl Acetate

Tocopheryl acetate is a skin protectant and antioxidant that improves the skin’s surface and prevents skin damage induced by free radicals or sunburn [8].

 

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Skinception Illuminatural 6i Side Effects

Since it contains several natural ingredients, there shouldn’t be any adverse side effects from using Skinception Illuminatural 6i. If you have sensitive skin, test a small amount on a patch of your skin first to ensure no reactions before using. 

 

You might find that your skin is slightly dry when you first start using it, but your skin should adjust to the cream within a few weeks. It’s also possible that you might have some redness around the treated areas of your face if you’ve never used a whitening product before. These side effects will usually clear up within several weeks of using Skinception Illuminatural 6i.

 

How Do You Use Skinception Illuminatural 6i?

 

How Do You Use Skinception Illuminatural 6i?

To use this product, wash your face thoroughly with a gentle cleanser and pat dry with a towel. Apply a thin layer of Skinception Illuminatural 6i to your entire face and allow it to absorb fully before applying makeup or any other skincare products. You should use this product twice per day—once in the morning and once at night.

 

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Where To Buy Skinception Illuminatural 6i

You can buy Skinception Illuminatural on the official website or online stores such as Amazon. One tube of Skinception Illuminatural 6i costs $49.95, but if you order several months’ worth at a time, you get a reduced rate per tube. 

Is There a Money-Back Guarantee?

Yes, but only if you buy Skinception Illuminatural 6i directly from the company’s website. If you decide that this product isn’t for you within 67 days of your purchase, Skinception will refund your money, less the shipping costs. They will also pay for return shipping if you decide to send back your order.

 

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FAQ

We answer your questions on Skinception Illuminatural 6i.

What Skin Types Can Use Skinception Illuminatural 6i?

Skinception Illuminatural works well on all skin types, even dry and sensitive skin. 

Is Skinception Illuminatural 6i Easy To Use?

Yes, very. All you have to do is wash your face with a gentle cleanser before applying Skinception Illuminatural 6i twice per day (morning and night). You should see results after four to six weeks of use. 

 

Who Can Use Skinception Illuminatural 6i?

Anyone can use this product, as long as you don’t have any reactions or allergies to the ingredients. However, it’s beneficial for those with dark spots due to age or acne. It is not recommended that you use the serum while you’re pregnant or breastfeeding.

The Final Verdict

With a simple-to-use formula and natural ingredients that have been shown in studies to reduce dark spots, Skinception Illuminatural 6i is worth a try if you’re looking for an effective way to improve your complexion. It’s also one of the more affordable options currently available and comes with a money-back guarantee.

 

>>Check the best price for Skinception Illuminatural 6i

References:

  1. Pillaiyar, T., Manickam, M., & Namasivayam, V. (2017). Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of tyrosinase inhibitors. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry, 32(1), 403–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
  2. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 440936, Arbutin. Retrieved February 28, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Arbutin.
  3. Hakozaki T, Minwalla L, Zhuang J, Chhoa M, Matsubara A, Miyamoto K, Greatens A, Hillebrand GG, Bissett DL, Boissy RE. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br J Dermatol. 2002 Jul;147(1):20-31. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04834.x. PMID: 12100180.
  4. Telang P. S. (2013). Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(2), 143–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5178.110593
  5. Ismail, Rosnah & Ahmad, Salmiah & Aotd,. (2004). {PAGE } Sodium lactates in skin lightening formulations: its synergy with other skin lightening agents. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307863602_PAGE_Sodium_lactates_in_skin_lightening_formulations_its_synergy_with_other_skin_lightening_agents/citation/download
  6. Guo, X., & Mei, N. (2016). Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews, 34(2), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826
  7. Ismail, M. M., Alotaibi, B. S., & El-Sheekh, M. M. (2020). Therapeutic Uses of Red Macroalgae. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(19), 4411. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194411
  8. “Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate.” Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate – an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/alpha-tocopherol-acetate. 

When Do You Ovulate? How Your Ovulation Cycle Works

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When Do You Ovulate? How Your Ovulation Cycle Works

Whether you’re trying to get pregnant or trying hard not to get pregnant, you’re probably wondering when you ovulate. It’s a critical piece of information when it comes to baby-making. Despite that, it can be pretty tough to figure out.

There are now a lot more options available for tracking ovulation at home. Most of them can help to some extent, but some are much more accurate than others. 

We’ll take a look at ovulation symptoms, how your ovulation cycle works, and more.

Key Takeaways

  • Usually, women ovulate about halfway through their menstrual cycle.
  • Fertility is at its peak in the five days leading up to ovulation.
  • The typical menstrual cycle is considered to be 28 days, but the length will often vary.
  • Checking the consistency of cervical mucus may be the cheapest and most effective method of gauging ovulation.
  • Fertility calendars and apps aren’t a reliable way to track fertility.
  • You can get pregnant at any point in your menstrual cycle, even during your period.

What Is Ovulation?

Ovulation is a part of a woman’s menstrual cycle, during which an egg is released from the ovaries. The egg then moves down the fallopian tubes to the uterus. At some point during the egg’s trip, it may be fertilized by a sperm. Either way, the egg implants itself in the lining of the uterus. 

If it has been fertilized, the egg will develop into a fetus. If not, during the menstrual period, it will be flushed from the body along with the rest of the uterine lining.

Or rather, that’s how ovulation would play out ideally. Lots of factors can interrupt that process or cause irregular cycles. Examples include genetics, medical conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or obesity, as well as smoking, alcohol use, and some medications.

Menstrual Cycle

Obviously, ovulation is one step in the menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is usually thought to be around 28 or 30 days long [1]. It’s considered to start the first day of period bleeding and end on the day the next period begins.

While 28 days is considered the average, from cycle to cycle can take anything from 24 to 38 days and still be considered typical. 

The menstrual cycle consists of two general phases and ovulation:

  1. Follicular phase—an egg is prepped for release.
  2. Ovulation—between the two phases.
  3. Luteinizing phase—The egg implants in the uterine lining and either develops or is discarded.

The follicular phase is named for the small cells that develop into an egg, ready to be released, called follicles. After receiving signals from the brain, in the form of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, the follicles began to grow and separate.

Several follicles might grow, but usually, only one will develop into a mature egg that is released during ovulation. Once an egg is released, it begins to move down the fallopian tube. This begins the luteinizing phase.

During this second phase, the uterine lining is prepared to receive the egg. Either the egg is fertilized and develops further into a fetus, or it is discarded with the lining of the uterus. It’s this lining that forms period ‘bleeding’, rather than actual blood. 

The follicular phase may actually begin before period bleeding is completely finished, already preparing the next egg for ovulation.

Ovulation Cycle: When Does Ovulation Occur?

Outlined above is a fairly basic understanding of how ovulation works. In reality, ovulation and a woman’s monthly cycle are actually quite complex. While a monthly cycle is usually considered to be about 28 days, most women will find their cycles vary in length. 

Some women even experience very irregular cycles. Conditions like PCOS might cause spotting or even bleeding more days than not. That means that, while the average or ideal cycle is the one most often described, any specific woman may find her schedule is somewhat different.

Ovulation occurs about halfway through a cycle, between days 10 and 22 of your cycle [2]. The levels of estrogen and other hormones rise until the release of an egg is triggered. The egg moves from the ovary to travel down the fallopian tube. 

After the egg is released, a woman’s body begins the luteal phase of their cycle. The egg moves into the fallopian tube and may be fertilized or may end up being expelled with the uterine lining.

Some forms of non-hormonal birth control, like the fertility awareness method, depend on tracking the progress of your cycle. The fact that cycles aren’t reliably regular means that they are less effective. A more reliable method may be to look for physical signs of ovulation.

What Days of Your Cycle Do You Ovulate?

As we’ve mentioned, ovulation occurs about halfway through the average human menstrual cycle. However, when most people ask this question, they are really asking either how they can get pregnant or avoid pregnancy. The six days prior to ovulation are the fertile window. The odds increase until they peak on the last three days, including ovulation day.

That means the most fertile days might be just a few days after the end of the menstrual period. After ovulation, the chances fall, with the chances of pregnancy during period bleeding being the lowest.

However, since not everyone always follows the average cycle, figuring out the fertile window can be tough. Someone might have a naturally short menstrual cycle or a naturally longer one. The best method of determining the fertile window is by looking for physical signs of ovulation.

How Do You Know If You Are Ovulating?

A doctor might use a blood test or an ultrasound to discover if you are ovulating, but those methods aren’t available all the time. Fortunately, there are a few over-the-counter methods of gauging when the fertile window opens.

Basal Body Temperature

Your basal body temperature is your temperature at rest. A small increase in that temperature can signal when a woman ovulates. In practice, this method ends up being difficult to use and is only accurate about 22% of the time. It’s difficult to tell the rise in temperature signaling ovulation from normal variation [3].

when do you ovulate Example of basal body temperature (C) over the course of a 28-day cycle
During the follicular phase, the basal body temperature is lower. Then on the 15th day, it increases, marking the start of the luteal phase
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/

There are some products that can help increase the accuracy, such as a basal body thermometer. This ovulation test is usually combined with others.

Luteinizing Hormone Testing

These often come packaged very similarly to a pregnancy test. Rather than testing for a fertilized egg, however, it is testing for the hormones that are released when a mature egg is released [4].

The menstrual cycle has two overlapping phases, the first being the follicular phase when an egg is prepped for release. Ovulation occurs in between the two phases. The last is the luteal phase, when hormones are released to prepare the way as the egg travels to the uterus.

Luteinizing hormone levels can be detected in urine, like pregnancy hormones. Manufacturers claim their accuracy rate for detecting the fertile window is 95% or better

Cervical Fluid

Cervical fluid is usually better described as cervical mucus, thick enough to act as a barrier. After ovulating, however, a woman’s body changes in a few ways to become more receptive to sperm. Cervical mucus can become thinner and more fluid at that point.

As yet, ovulation prediction kits can’t analyze cervical mucus, it isn’t really necessary. A woman can examine the cervical fluid that is collected with a finger and assess its thickness. As signs of ovulation go, it’s cheap and surprisingly effective, even for women who experience irregular ovulation [5].

It doesn’t cost anything, and it can be as much as 95% effective in detecting ovulation [6]. Women attempting to prevent pregnancy were successful over 98% of the time. This method is commonly combined with measuring basal body temperature. 

Fertility Calendar

Fertility apps are a relatively new method of tracking fertility, though they are really just a high-tech version of the fertility awareness method. The user enters information about her menstrual cycle, including when her menstrual cycle begins and when her next period occurs. 

Using that information, the calendar can begin making calculations to predict fertility, the next day period bleeding will start, and so forth. More sophisticated apps may combine that information with body temperature readings or other observations.

Generally, these methods aren’t considered very reliable [7]. They are based on the average cycle, but an average woman’s cycle length can vary. Many women experience irregular periods or ovulate early due to a shorter cycle length. Generally, it will work better for someone with a regular cycle.

Ovulation Calculator

Ovulation calculators, particularly online calculators, can offer a rough idea of when your next fertile days will be. It is only a rough idea, however, as many factors can throw off regular menstrual cycles, and even regular cycles vary.

How Do I Calculate My Ovulation Date?

There are a number of ways to calculate ovulation, some more complicated than others. Some fertility calendars require you to enter a lot of variables but might have a more accurate estimate for the date of ovulation.

A simple ovulation calculator just requires a little basic math. If you’re on a fairly regular 28-day cycle, you can subtract 15 days from the date you expect your next period to start. For example, on a 28-day cycle, if you expect your next period to start on May 16th, your ovulation day is going to be around May 1st.

Another method you can do by hand is a little more complicated. You’ll need to know the length of the longest and shortest cycles you’ve recorded [8]. Taking it step-by-step:

  1. Divide your shortest cycle’s length by 2.
  2. Subtract 5 from that result.

That gives you the number of days after your next menstrual cycle starts when you are at your most fertile.

To figure out how many days you will be most fertile, step-by-step:

  1. From the longest cycle, subtract the shortest cycle.
  2. Add 8 to the result.

These sorts of calculations are best used when also looking for physical signs of ovulation.

Do Ovulation Predictor Kits Work?

Most ovulation predictor kits (OPK) center around a luteinizing hormone test, which measures certain hormones associated with ovulation. As we’ve mentioned, these are usually similar to a pregnancy test, requiring urine to analyze.

However, as might have become clear, predicting ovulation can be a pretty complicated business. While some of the least expensive options just offer test strips, there are also ovulation test kits out there that combine hormone testing with other methods of predicting ovulation.

More expensive and elaborate OPKs may come with a digital monitor or a calendar app for your smartphone. The apps usually involve some sort of calendar, incorporating the information that comes from the test that comes with it. 

Generally speaking, using an ovulation predictor kit can improve your chances of being pregnant. For women with shorter cycles or irregular menstrual cycles, they may help reduce some confusion. Their use may improve the chance of getting pregnant only slightly, however, and there are other options available that may also help. 

Using OPKs did lower the amount of stress and uncertainty hopeful parents felt, a factor which by itself may justify their use [9]. 

FAQ

When Do You Ovulate After Your Period?

Normally, women ovulate about halfway through their menstrual cycle. The cycle begins on the first day of a period and ends the day the next period begins. To get a rough date of ovulation, figure out the next day you expect a period to begin. The day about halfway along is an estimate for your ovulation date.

An average cycle is about 28 days, though they can often vary. As a result, while it’s possible to make a guess at when your next period starts, it’s not considered a reliable guess.

Do You Ovulate While Pregnant?

Generally, no, women do not ovulate during pregnancy. Ovulation, along with the other stages of the menstrual cycle, all are governed by hormones. During pregnancy, however, all the hormones are telling a woman’s body to get ready for birth. The signals to release the egg, change the consistency of cervical mucus, and all the rest never get sent. 

With that said, it has been known to happen. Very rarely, a second egg is ovulated and fertilized during sexual intercourse. The woman would then have two fetuses at different stages of development in her uterus [10]. 

It’s rare enough that it’s difficult to study. For the most part, the chance of getting pregnant again during early pregnancy are pretty close to zero.

When Are You Ovulating the Most?

Not to be pedantic, but actually, ovulation is when an egg is released and usually only occurs once per cycle. When most people talk about ovulating, they mean the changes that occur in a woman’s body to increase the chances of an egg being fertilized and safely implanted in the uterus.

Ovulation usually occurs about halfway through a menstrual cycle. The most fertile time of the cycle are the six days ending in the day of ovulation. That means that the best time to get pregnant may just be a few days after your period bleeding ends. If you’re trying to avoid pregnancy, you might want to abstain for those days.

When Are My Most Fertile Days?

Most women are fertile from about five days before ovulation, with the highest chances being the three days leading up to the day of ovulation. If you’re trying to get pregnant, those three days are the best to be active. 

If you would rather not get pregnant, avoiding unprotected sex during that period is a good idea. Using protection is a better idea, though outercourse, in which there is no penetration, also has a low chance of getting pregnant.

If you’re not sure how to get birth control, there are many options, including Planned Parenthood.

Can I Get Pregnant 7 Days After My Period?

Yes, it is possible to get pregnant about a week after your last menstrual period. In fact, while your chances of getting pregnant are higher at certain times, it is possible at just about any time. 

The menstrual cycle starts when one period starts and ends when the next period starts. Ovulation, when an egg is released to be fertilized, occurs about halfway through the cycle, and women are most fertile three or four days prior to that.

That means that not only can you get pregnant seven days after your period, that is actually pretty close to when you are at your most fertile time. If you want to prevent pregnancy during that period, avoid unprotected sex.

Conclusion

Like many biological processes, it’s hard to predict exactly how ovulation is going to work or when it’s going to happen. That can be frustrating for a lot of reasons. If you’re trying to get pregnant, it’s like trying to hit a moving target. Plus, avoiding pregnancy will never be a sure thing.

When trying to get pregnant, tracking and understanding fertility is hugely helpful and can have a real impact on success. As far as birth control goes, though, you’re better off investing in a box of condoms.

References:

  1. Hawkins, Shannon M, and Martin M Matzuk. “The Menstrual Cycle: Basic Biology.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2008, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2913133/.
  2. Wilcox, A. J., Dunson, D., & Baird, D. D. (2000). The timing of the “fertile window” in the menstrual cycle: day specific estimates from a prospective study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 321(7271), 1259–1262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7271.1259
  3. Ecochard, Rene, et al. “Self-Identification of the Clinical Fertile Window and the Ovulation Period.” Fertility and Sterility, 24 Feb. 2015, www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(15)00078-3/fulltext.
  4. Holesh, JE, et al. “Physiology, Ovulation.” Europe PMC, 20 July 2017, europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk441996.
  5. Thijssen, A, et al. “’Fertility Awareness-Based Methods’ and Subfertility: a Systematic Review.” Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn, Universa Press, 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4216977/.
  6. Su, Hsiu-Wei, et al. “Detection of Ovulation, a Review of Currently Available Methods.” American Institute of Chemical Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 16 May 2017, aiche.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/btm2.10058.
  7. Johnson, Sarah, et al. “Can Apps and Calendar Methods Predict Ovulation with Accuracy?” Taylor & Francis, 10 Apr. 2018, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03007995.2018.1475348.
  8. James, William H. “Cycle Day of Ovulation: Journal of Biosocial Science.” Cambridge Core, Cambridge University Press, 31 July 2008, www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/cycle-day-of-ovulation/3F3202A44BB3BF01BE12EEE1EC2CC294.
  9. Yeh, Ping Teresa, et al. “Should Home-Based Ovulation Predictor Kits Be Offered as an Additional Approach for Fertility Management for Women and Couples Desiring Pregnancy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” BMJ Global Health, BMJ Specialist Journals, 1 Apr. 2019, gh.bmj.com/content/4/2/e001403.full.
  10. Omo-Aghoja, Lawrence. “(PDF) Superfetation in Humans – Myth or Reality?” ResearchGate, Unknown, 1 June 2017, www.researchgate.net/publication/322275983_Superfetation_in_Humans_-_Myth_or_Reality. 

2021 Guide to the Cervical Cap: Who It’s for, How It Works, and Effectiveness

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2021 Guide to the Cervical Cap: Who It’s for, How It Works, and Effectiveness

Contraceptive technology covers a huge range of birth control options, from the cervical cap to hormonal IUDs. 

Deciding which is best for you can feel nearly impossible, especially with the long lists of side effects and contraindications. Fortunately, the cervical cap offers little to no adverse effects and can be used by almost anyone. 

This article covers how it works, who it is suited for, and compares it to other popular contraceptive methods.

Key Takeaways

  • Cervical caps are a barrier method of preventing pregnancy
  • A cervical cap blocks sperm from the uterus
  • It is most effective when used in combination with spermicides
  • It can be kept in place for up to 48 hours
  • It is reusable

What Is the Cervical Cap?

The cervical cap is a non-hormonal, barrier form of birth control. It looks like a thimble-shaped cup and is inserted deep into the vagina to cover the cervix and block the path of sperm to the uterus.

How Does a Cervical Cap Work

This barrier method of birth control helps prevent pregnancy as a cervical cap keeps sperm from entering the uterus and reaching an egg. Cervical caps are made from soft, flexible silicone. When inserted into the vagina, a cervical cap covers your cervix completely, forming a sealed dome. 

Is It Safe?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved cervical caps as a safe, effective form of birth control. 

Who Is the Cervical Cap Right For?

Cervical caps are generally not recommended for most young women. This is because it can be difficult to insert correctly and can result in a high risk of accidental pregnancy if it doesn’t cover the cervix entirely or moves during intercourse. 

Making sure the cap is in place involves inserting your finger deep into the vagina, which may feel intrusive and uncomfortable to some, and discourage them from using the cap. 

The best way to choose the right birth control method for you is to discuss your options with your doctor or the healthcare providers at any planned parenthood center.

Effectiveness of the Cervical Cap

The cervical cap is an effective method of birth control as shown:

  • To prevent pregnancy: A cap is effective over 80% of the time.
  • STD Prevention: Cervical caps don’t protect against STDs.

Pregnancy

The cervical cap alone prevents pregnancy around 80% of the time with correct and typical use [2].

cervical cap Typical failure rate of the cervical cap compared to other contraceptive methods
The failure rate of the cervical cap is about 17%, which is higher than male condoms and contraceptive patches
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm

However, the chances of an accidental pregnancy increase if you have given birth, especially if the same cap from before is reused. 

This is because vaginal birth changes the shape of the cervix and vagina and can result in the cap not fitting correctly or sliding around during intercourse, letting sperm through [3].

How Effective Is the Cervical Cap With Spermicides?

Most doctors recommend adding spermicide to the cap before insertion to provide added protection while using the cervical cap. Combining these two measures provides protection against pregnancy 93.9% of the time [4].

Spermicides are a common additional contraceptive measure and accompany other barrier methods like the birth control sponge and diaphragm. Spermicides come in foams, creams, and gels and work by either slowing sperm down or killing them entirely.

The only drawback of using spermicides for extra protection is that the chemicals may irritate the vagina and surrounding skin, increasing the risk of getting a bacterial infection, UTI, or sexually transmitted disease [5, 6].

STDs

Unlike other barrier contraceptives, including the male and female condom, the cervical cap doesn’t provide much protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) [7].

Can You Make the Cervical Cap More Effective?

Ways to make a cervical cap more effective include using spermicide or adding more spermicide when you begin a new sex act. You can also use cervical caps alongside other contraceptive measures like birth control pills or male condoms.

Diaphragm vs. Cervical Cap

Both the diaphragm and cervical cap work to prevent sperm from entering the uterus and may contain spermicide. However, the diaphragm is a shallower latex cup that can be left in place for 24 hours. The cervical cap has a deeper cup, is made of silicone, and can be left in place for up to 48 hours. 

Despite the diaphragm being slightly more effective than the cervical cap at preventing pregnancy, most women who still choose the cervical cap do so because they can use it for longer [8]. 

If you’re unsure which method is right for you, consult your doctor, or visit a planned parenthood center that can help you assess your options, including less common methods like the copper IUD.

How To Use the Cervical Cap: Step by Step Guide

Before inserting the cervical cap, make sure it is the right size cap for you. Your doctor can do this through a pelvic exam. 

To use the cervical cap, follow these steps:

  1. Wash your hands with soap and water and ensure they are clean and dry
  2. Insert about half a teaspoon of spermicide into the cap’s bowl
  3. Spread a thin layer of spermicide over the cervix-facing side of the cap
  4. Add another half a teaspoon of spermicide into the groove around the cap’s dome
  5. Similar to inserting a tampon, slide the cap as far up into your vagina as possible
  6. Fit the cap snugly over your cervix, ensuring the rim fits comfortably around your cervix
  7. Once the cap is in place, make sure your cervix is completely covered by pressing upward on the dome while squatting and contracting your pelvic muscles

How To Remove the Cervical Cap

After having sex, leave the cervical cap in place for at least six hours.

To remove it: 

cervical cap
  1. Position: Squat or assume a position that allows you access to your cervix
  2. Push: Gently push against the dome to cause it to detach from your cervix.
  3. Pull: Slowly pull on the cervical cap’s strap to get it out

If you’re struggling to remove it, wait a few minutes until your muscles are completely relaxed, then try again.

How Long Can You Leave It In?

The cervical cap can be left in place for up to 48 hours [9].

Can You Use the Cervical Cap During Your Period?

No, you should not use the cap during menstruation as it blocks the path of blood out of your uterus [10].

How to Care for a Cervical Cap

After use, wash your cervical cap with warm water and mild soap. Allow it to air dry, and place it back in its case. 

It must be air-dried as wiping it with a cloth could create tears or holes in the material. Regularly check for any such damage to the cap before usage. 

Never use the cervical cap alongside oil-based lubricants, petroleum jelly, mineral oil, baby oil, or other vaginal creams, as they could also damage and reduce its effectiveness. 

Similarly, never coat the cap with baby powder, not even for storage.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Below are some of the most significant pros and cons of cervical caps.

Advantages of the Cervical Cap

  • Effective at preventing pregnancy when used with spermicide
  • Reusable
  • Can stay in place for up to 48 hours
  • Little to no side effects
  • Widely available

Disadvantages of the Cervical Cap

  • Might increase the risk of toxic shock syndrome [11]
  • Can result in accidental pregnancy if not inserted correctly
  • Requires a prescription from a doctor
  • Not as effective as other barrier methods like the diaphragm
  • It can be challenging to use

FAQ

Here, we answer the most common questions about the cervical cap.

Can a Man Feel a Cervical Cap?

When inserted perfectly, your partner shouldn’t be able to feel the cap. However, if it’s not fitted correctly or is the wrong size, they may feel the rim or handle.

Where Can You Get a Cervical Cap?

The only cervical cap available in the US is the FemCap. The cervical cap requires a prescription from your doctor and can be purchased online or from family planning clinics and planned parenthood centers.

Does a Cervical Cap Hurt?

The cap itself shouldn’t cause pain, but the spermicide may create irritation inside your vagina or on your partner’s penis.

Can You Pee With a Cervical Cap In?

Yes, you can pee while the cervical cap is inserted. It does not block any part of your urinary tract.

How Long Does a Cervical Cap Last?

The cervical cap (FemCap) can last for up to a year with proper care. 

Conclusion

Despite the slightly challenging insertion process of the cervical cap, it remains the preferred contraceptive method for millions of women worldwide. 

Due to its non-hormonal nature, the cervical cap can be a great choice if you’re looking to try a low-maintenance, side-effect-free form of birth control.

References:

  1. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  2. D;, Boehm. “The Cervical Cap: Effectiveness as a Contraceptive.” Journal of Nurse-Midwifery, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6551434/.
  3. “What Is Best Birth Control to Use after Having a Baby?” Contraceptive Technology Update, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12342589/.
  4. Richwald GA;Greenland S;Gerber MM;Potik R;Kersey L;Comas MA; “Effectiveness of the Cavity-Rim Cervical Cap: Results of a Large Clinical Study.” Obstetrics and GyAbdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  5. necology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2664609/.
  6. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  7. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  8. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  9. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  10. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.
  11. Abdel-Salam, Omar M E, et al. “Citric Acid Effects on Brain and Liver Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4026104/.

How Effective Are Condoms Against Pregnancy and STDs?

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How Effective Are Condoms Against Pregnancy and STDs?

Condoms have been used since ancient Egyptian times. Today, they are one of the most convenient and affordable ways of birth control across the globe—being highly effective in the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy.

But how effective are condoms really? This article will take an in-depth look at the various types of condoms, their effectiveness, and their use.

Key Takeaways

  • The commonly used male condom is a thin sheath worn on the penis during sex. It prevents pregnancies and the transfer of STDs.
  • The effectiveness of condoms depends on proper use. For the best results, use condoms before they expire and store them in the right manner.
  • Condoms with spermicides are not the best options to prevent STDs. They can lead to infections and irritations.
  • Among the various types available, latex condoms are the best option in terms of protection. Those suffering from latex allergies can use polyisoprene condoms.
  • The size of a condom depends on the width and length of the penis. Make sure to pick the right size for the best effectiveness.

Effectiveness of Condoms

Studies conducted on some of the best male latex condoms have proven that they have high contraceptive efficacy. Condoms are also one of the best forms of protection against HIV and other STDs.

Pregnancy

Condoms are the only non-surgical form of male contraception to prevent pregnancy. 

Commercial varieties of latex condoms have proven to be highly effective as a birth control method. The rate of breakage or slippage during intercourse was also considerably lower with latex condoms [1][2]. 

For users with latex allergies, polyurethane or polyisoprene condoms could be an effective substitute.

Which of the following contraceptive methods is most effective?

Which of the following contraceptive methods is most effective?
Click on your choice to reveal the answer
Show hint
Which of the following contraceptive methods is most effective
Of the three choices, male condoms are the most effective

how effective are condoms The effectiveness of male condoms at preventing pregnancy

STDs

The low failure rate of latex-based condoms makes them very effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. The use of condoms also lowers the chances of disease transmission during oral or anal sex [3]. 

Since the chances of condom breaks are higher with polyurethane condoms, they are less reliable for preventing sexually transmitted infections.

Researchers have also pointed out that females are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, primarily due to socioeconomic conditions [4]. Therefore, the use of female condoms can be a more viable option in such cases.

Failure and incorrect use of condoms can result in serious health risks during alternative sexual practices or outercourse.

Can You Make Condoms More Effective?

While condoms are very effective to prevent pregnancy, they do not offer 100% protection. As per estimates, when used perfectly, the chances of condom break are around 3%. However, in general, the failure rate of condoms is around 12% [5].

Keeping the following points in mind can make condoms more effective:

  • Check the expiry date of the condoms and do not use them if they are too old.
  • Store condoms away from extreme temperatures and bright light sources to prevent microtears.
  • Use only water-based lubricants with a condom to prevent damage to the material.
  • Make sure you wear a condom during the entire duration of intercourse.
  • While removing the condom after ejaculation, be careful not to spill semen.
  • Do not use male and female condoms at the same time as the friction can lead to breakage.
  • In case the condom breaks, stop and withdraw the penis from the vagina immediately.
  • Use condoms along with other forms of pregnancy prevention methods like a copper IUD or a birth control sponge.

In addition, the use of condoms reinforced with antimicrobial nanoparticles can reduce the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections [6]. Termed as antiretroviral therapy (ART), this form of prevention is equally effective for vaginal or anal sex.

The therapy can be effective in reducing chain transmission and disease spread as the nanoparticles are not washed away by vaginal or anal secretions—such treatment can also reduce the chances of condom breakage.

Spermicide Condoms

Spermicidal condoms contain a special chemical that prevents sperm movements and ultimately kills the sperm. The natural movement of the sperm is towards the uterus through the cervix, however, the spermicide kills them off before they can reach the uterus to fertilize the egg.

What Is It

The most common chemical used as spermicide is nonoxynol-9 (N9). It is used in multiple forms like creams, jellies, gels, foams, and lubricants. N9 reduces the ability of the sperm to move and ultimately causes the sperm to die. It functions by reacting with the lipids on the surface of the sperm.

Effectiveness

There is no clear proof that spermicidal condoms are more effective in birth control than ordinary condoms. Spermicidal condoms cost more and have a shorter shelf life. Moreover, they have been linked with urinary tract infections in women. The CDC does not recommend the use of spermicides as a birth control method [7].

N9 can also cause vaginal or rectal irritation in women. This can increase the chances of HIV or STD infection from an infected partner [8]. In male partners, genital irritations have been reported in some cases. Presently, N9 is not considered as prevention against sexually transmitted diseases.

how effective are condoms Probability of pregnancy over time among users of C31G and Conceptrol® (nonoxynol-9)
In two groups using spermicide gel, the probability of pregnancy increased over time, slightly more in the Conceptrol group
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3332092/

How To Get Condoms

Condoms are one of the most widely available products for birth control and are easy to get. They are found in various stores and are also distributed for free from health centers.

Read more on how to get birth control.

Where To Buy Condoms?

Condoms can be bought from community health centers, drugstores, convenience stores, supermarkets, and online. There are condom vending machines in gas stations and campuses, in certain locations. There is no legal age for buying condoms and no prescription is required.

Keep in mind buying condoms is a normal process and there is no reason to feel embarrassed.

How Much Do Condoms Cost?

In general, a box of 3 condoms can cost around $2 to $6 depending on the brand. When you buy a pack of 12 or more, each piece costs approximately $1.

Types of Condoms

Condoms are available in a variety of types based on the material. It is best to know the type you want to use before purchasing a pack.

how effective are condoms

Latex Condoms

These are the most common forms of condoms and are made from natural rubber—it also makes them the most expensive variety. Latex condoms are the best choice for preventing pregnancy and STDs when used correctly.

One issue with latex condoms is the allergies they can cause in sensitive individuals. In case a rash or itch develops regularly after using a condom, consult a physician. However, make sure that the issue is not related to excessive dryness or the lubricant. Experts also recommend not using oil-based lubricants with latex condoms, which increases the chances of slippage.

Non-Latex Condoms

While these condoms are not as effective as latex ones, they can be used if you are uncomfortable with latex. Polyurethane and nitrile are some common latex alternatives. 

Another form of synthetic rubber that is used is polyisoprene. Since polyisoprene is soft, stretchy, and does not trigger allergies, it’s an excellent material for condoms.  However, some users do not prefer polyisoprene as they feel it is too thick.

The use of lambskin condoms is an ancient practice. A very thin material of the lamb’s intestine is used to make these condoms. They are as good as latex condoms for preventing pregnancies. However, the material is porous, making it ineffective for STD or HIV prevention. Besides, lambskin condoms are more expensive and are not easily available.

Thin and Ultra-Thin Condoms

These external condoms are made from super-thin latex, which provides extra sensation and transmits more warmth during intercourse. They are highly resistant to breakage and good for preventing pregnancy and STD transmission. Thin condoms are available in multiple shapes and may come in lubricated varieties.

Female Condoms

Female condoms are another barrier method of contraception, and are also 95% effective in preventing pregnancies when used correctly. In the case of typical use, the success rate is between 75% to 82% [9]. These condoms can be inserted hours before having sex and provide good protection against STDs.

Being internal condoms, they are less popular due to the difficulty in proper placement, removal, and issues related to the size.

Specialty Condoms

There are various special varieties of external condoms including flavored, glow-in-the-dark, warming, and colored. The outer surface of the condoms can have textures or ribs as well as additional design features to make them pleasure-shaped. 

While the choice depends on personal preference, make sure the condoms you choose are FDA-approved and offer the right level of protection.

Which Material Is Best?

Overall, latex is the best choice in terms of effectiveness. In the case of latex allergy, you can opt for polyisoprene materials.

Quick Guide to Condom Sizes

The size of an external condom depends on the width and length of the penis. Choosing the wrong size can result in a condom break or slippage. The width of the condom is most important as the right dimension prevents the condom from slipping.

As per the usual conventions:

  • A width of under 1.75 inches is a snug fit.
  • A width of 1.75 to 2 inches is a standard fit.
  • A width over 2 inches is a large fit.

In terms of length, the following guidelines are used:

  • 7 to 7.8 inches for snug condoms.
  • 7.25 to 7.8 inches for standard condoms.
  • 7.25 to over 8 inches for large condoms.

How To Use a Condom: Step by Step Guide

Using the condom correctly is essential. Here are the steps for using a male condom without error:

  1. Start by opening the pack carefully, avoid using your teeth or any sharp object that could damage the condom.
  2. Take the condom out of the pack and put it over the tip of a hard and erect penis. Place the rim on the outside to unroll it correctly.
  3. Pinch the tip of the condom to expel the air. Unroll it down along the shaft of the penis till you reach the base. In case you are uncircumcised, it is best to pull back the foreskin before unrolling the condom.
  4. After ejaculation, pull out the condom by holding the base. Ensure that no semen leaks out over your partner.
  5. Throw the condom in the trash. Do not flush it down the toilet as it can clog the pipes.

Tips To Using Condoms

The following tips can help you to use a condom correctly:

  • Always check the expiration date of the condom and use a new condom every time you have sex.
  • Do not open a pack of condoms with your teeth or sharp instruments.
  • For the best prevention against STDs, always put a condom on before the penis touches your partner’s skin.
  • If you feel the condom break during sex, withdraw. Continue only after replacing the broken condom with a new one.
  • Always change the condom when you go from vaginal sex to anal or oral sex or vice versa.
  • Do not withdraw without holding the base of the condom with your hand.

Benefits of Condoms

Here are a few important benefits of condoms:

  • Condoms are effective in preventing pregnancy and also protect both partners from various types of STDs.
  • Condoms are easily available, affordable, and require no advance preparation for use—making them a good choice for unplanned sex.
  • Being a use-and-throw device, they do not physically affect the fertility of the user. This makes them extremely effective for planned parenthood.
  • There are hardly any side effects from their use.
  • Since condoms come in various forms, they can make the act of sex more enjoyable and pleasurable.

Disadvantages of Condoms

Condoms are not entirely without disadvantages. Take a look at some of the major ones:

  • During typical use or when used incorrectly, a condom can break or slip, resulting in an unwanted pregnancy.
  • Some people are allergic to latex or plastic materials—making it difficult for them to use condoms.
  • Some couples feel that sex with condoms is not as pleasurable as unprotected sex.
  • Pulling out in the right manner after ejaculation while using a condom can be difficult to do each time.

FAQ

Time to address some of the common queries related to condoms.

Why Do Condoms Fail?

Condoms break or fail due to improper placement or the use of the wrong type of lubricant. It may also happen if the condom is too old or damaged. The use of a small or too large condom can also lead to failures.

Can You Get Pregnant While Using Condoms Correctly?

Yes, that is possible. No type of condom provides 100% protection from pregnancy or STDs.

How Effective Are Condoms if They Don’t Break?

When used perfectly condoms are almost 98% effective. But for an average user, they are around 85% effective.

Why Do Condoms Hurt My Girlfriend?

The problem can be related to a lack of lubrication. The use of additional lubricant of the right type can be effective. In some cases, women can be allergic to latex or the spermicide chemical used in some condoms.

Conclusion

Condoms are one of the easiest and most available male birth control methods. However, their effectiveness depends on the way they are used. With the right information, you can use condoms to enhance your sex life without compromising safety.

References

  1. Walsh TL;Frezieres RG;Peacock K;Nelson AL;Clark VA;Bernstein L;Wraxall BG; “Effectiveness of the Male Latex Condom: Combined Results for Three Popular Condom Brands Used as Controls in Randomized Clinical Trials.” Contraception, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15504381/. 
  2. Walsh TL;Frezieres RG;Peacock K;Nelson AL;Clark VA;Bernstein L; “Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Nonlatex Condom: Results from a Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12729137/.
  3. Marfatia, Y S, et al. “Condoms: Past, Present, and Future.” Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS, Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd, 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4660551/.
  4. Aral, Sevgi O, et al. “Disproportionate Impact of Sexually Transmitted Diseases on Women.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nov. 2004, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3329016/. 
  5. Majra, Jp. “Use of Condoms: Clarifying the Message.” Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, Medknow Publications, Apr. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2940206/. 
  6. Yah, Clarence S, et al. “Nanotechnology and the Future of Condoms in the Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections.” Annals of African Medicine, Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd, 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5875119/. 
  7. “Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines —- 2002.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5106a1.htm. 
  8. “Nonoxynol-9.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nonoxynol-9#section=Drug-Warnings. 
  9. Mokgetse, Moitlamo, and Mokholelana M Ramukumba. “Female Condom Acceptability and Use amongst Young Women in Botswana.” Curationis, AOSIS, 20 Sept. 2018, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6191681/. 

Your Guide to Vasectomy Side Effects and Reversal

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Your Guide to Vasectomy Side Effects and Reversal

A vasectomy is an effective solution to contraception methods, however, it doesn’t have to be permanent. Many men decide to have a vasectomy reversal for various reasons, but will your fertility go back to normal?

We’re looking closer at vasectomy procedures, reversals, potential side effects, and what else to expect.

Key Takeaways

  • Vasectomy side effects are usually mild or rare.
  • If you decide to have another child, a vasectomy reversal procedure is possible.
  • Reversal surgeries are generally safe with a return to normal activity over several weeks.
  • Reversals are longer, more in-depth procedures that usually require general anesthetic.
  • If the procedure is unsuccessful, IVF, adoption or a donor are possibilities.

What are Vasectomy Side Effects?

A vasectomy involves cutting, separating, and cauterizing the ends of the vas deferens, which carries sperm through the penis [1]. Like all medical procedures, vasectomies do have risks, but most of these are mild. 

Short Term Side Effects

Most men won’t experience side effects apart from the usual post-surgical pain, as long as they are practicing safe wound care [2]. Bleeding or hematoma is the most common side effect, affecting 4-20% of men. Primary surgical failure, where the surgery just doesn’t work, affects up to 5% of men, while infections are seen in 0.2-1.5% of cases. 

After the procedure, expect some pain and discomfort, but this can usually be solved with ibuprofen. Bruising and swelling are typical too, and applying an ice pack (covered with cloth!) for 10-15 minutes at a time brings relief to all three of these after-effects [3]. 

The no-scalpel vasectomy is a faster, safer method if you are concerned about any of the above. The risk of post-surgical hematoma or infections is around 80% lower, for example. There is a one-third lower risk of scrotal pain and a 25% lower chance of pain during surgery. However, no-scalpel vasectomy is equally effective [2]. 

To ensure that any failure is picked up that may get your female partner pregnant, you should still use contraception until success is confirmed. 

Long Term Side Effects

Long-term side effects include chronic pain, which is seen in 1-14% of cases. Fortunately, research shows that vasectomy is not associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer. 

Vasectomy also does not leave you unable to produce sperm or cause testicular cancer, high blood pressure, or other vascular diseases [2]. 

Other potential long-term effects include: 

  • Epididymitis, inflammation of the coiled tube where sperm matures which also carries sperm to the vas deferens. Like other inflammatory issues, this causes painful swelling. It only affects 1-3% of men [3]. 
  • Sperm granulomas are quite common, but you are unlikely to notice them. These are clumps of built-up sperm. They are generally very small, and the need for surgical removal isn’t common [3]. 
  • Vasovenous fistula, a very rare complication where the blood vessels in the vas deferens are abnormally connected to the area. This happens when they are damaged and blood pools around them and into surrounding tissues. Symptoms include blood in semen and urine, and we recommend you call a doctor immediately if you see this, regardless of what the cause may be [4].
  • Delayed vasectomy failure, which is rare and occurs in less than 1% of men. The average pregnancy risk after vasectomy is only 0.1%, one in 1,000 couples [2]. 
vasectomy side effects and reversal Percentage of unintended pregnancies occurring after a vasectomy vs female sterilization
A vasectomy only failed 0.15% of the time, whereas female sterilization failed in 0.5%
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/unintendedpregnancy/pdf/contraceptive_methods_508.pdf

Vasectomy Reversal: How Is It Done?

If you eventually change your mind and decide you’d like more children, there are some ways to reverse a vasectomy. Which one you get depends on whether or not there is sperm in your vas deferens [1]. Sometimes, the presence of enough vasal fluid indicates a simpler procedure [5]. 

Around 6% of men are expected to someday request a reversal, out of 175-340,000 procedures done in the USA every year [5]. They are therefore quite common, so you can easily find an experienced surgeon. 

Vasovasostomy

Vasovasostomy is the medical term for a conventional vasectomy reversal surgery. Although it is an outpatient procedure, this is more complex than your original vasectomy. 

Instead of being a 15-minute procedure with a local anesthetic, it takes three to four hours and usually involves general anesthesia. A vasectomy reversal reconnects the ends of the vas microsurgically [1]. 

During a vasovasostomy, the blocked portion of the vas deferens is removed, as it has been rendered useless and irreparable. The remaining ends of the vas deferens, which can still be functional, are then stitched together [6]. No surgical wound larger than what you would have had for a vasectomy is made. 

Vasoepididymostomy

The vasoepididymostomy is more complex. If there is no viable sperm present, or there is not enough vasal fluid, your surgeon will have to connect the vas deferens directly to the epididymis [1] [5]. 

During a vasoepididymostomy, the surgical incision is made larger and the testicle is taken out so your surgeon can see the epididymis clearly. Then, the epididymis is cut, and the vas deferens is anchored to this new opening with initial stitches. Your surgeon finds an epididymal tubule to open up, which will be tested to find normal sperm [7]. 

When the presence of sperm is confirmed, the vas deferens is attached to this tubule. Your end result will not be the same as normal, but this allows for the passage of sperm once more [7]. 

Can a Vasectomy Be Reversed Without Surgery?

As a vasectomy involves the cutting of your vas deferens, there are no non-surgical procedures that can reverse it. They must be surgically reattached, or you will require sperm extraction and assisted reproductive intervention. 

Vasectomy Reversal Recovery

Similar to vasectomies, you can usually control post-operative pain with oral analgesic drugs. You should avoid sexual intercourse for at least four weeks, and only do light physical activity for three to four weeks after surgery. Your time off work depends on how physically demanding your job is. Generally, you will also need to wear a scrotal support for six weeks [8].  

Once you start having sex again, consider non hormonal birth control or male birth control until you are ready to conceive.

Can Ejaculating Too Soon After Vasectomy Reversal Damage It?

Most men need to avoid sexual intercourse for at least four weeks after vasectomy reversal [8]. This allows the wound to heal and the reconnected vas deferens to join together on their own. You don’t want to risk the stitches becoming undone, just as you wouldn’t overdo it on any other part of your body after surgery.

Alternatives to Vasectomy Reversal

The thought of surgery can be daunting—from the procedure itself, the risk of general anesthetic (if you cannot get a regional or local alternative), cost and recovery time, it’s understandable. 

It is possible to conceive again without surgery, but so far, not naturally. The use of artificial insemination or IVF after sperm extraction, fortunately, carries the same success rate as reversal surgeries [9]. 

Sperm Extraction and IVF

Whether you don’t want surgery or you are concerned about your vasectomy reversal failing, sperm retrieval is an option. This can be by either fine-needle aspiration or extraction from either the testicles or epididymis. 

It makes sense for sperm retrieval to be done during a reversal surgery, as you may be less likely to conceive naturally than you thought. A study of 163 couples found that around half of the 99 who tried vasectomy reversals first later used IVF with insemination [9]. 

One method of conceiving after vasectomy or a failed reversal is in vitro fertilization (IVF) along with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. ICSI can use immature sperm, and so bypasses some causes of male infertility. It involves injecting a single sperm into the egg directly [10]. 

ICSI is unlike traditional IVF, where thousands of sperm are placed into a dish with the egg so the “winner” can make its way in naturally. You could also need ICSI if you don’t have enough healthy sperm to get your partner pregnant or have a low sperm count [10]. 

Between 50% and 80% of eggs are fertilized by ICSI, but there is always a risk that it won’t develop into an embryo, or the embryo will fail to grow further [10]. 

vasectomy side effects and reversal Success rate of ICSI
Out of 90 couples, 31.8% conceived during the first cycle using ICSI
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7360402/

How Much Does It Cost to Extract Sperm After a Vasectomy?

If you choose artificial insemination, CostHelper estimates a price of $300 to $500 per attempt. With an average success rate between 10 and 20%, you are likely to need up to 10 sessions [11]. 

The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) estimates a price range of several thousand dollars for sperm extraction, such as over $5,000 for microTESE (testicular extraction). IVF costs an average of $12,400 per cycle [12]. 

Second Vasectomy Reversal Surgery

If your first attempt fails, you can have another surgery. Common causes of vasectomy reversals’ failure include an undetected blockage somewhere in the vas deferens, or scar tissue developing in response to the trauma of your other surgeries. A second chance is somewhat less likely to succeed than the first, in both sperm flow and pregnancy rates [13]. 

Other Methods

If vasectomy reversals and in vitro fertilization fail, such as if your sperm count is still too low, sperm donation or adoption are options. 

Adoption gives a child who would likely otherwise be bounced around in the foster system, or left in an unhappy home, a second chance at a stable, loving family. However, you must choose a reputable agency with the stability to withstand financial and legal changes [14]. 

Other things to consider are whether you can get to know your child’s birth mother first, and options for retaining contact after the adoption is finalized. Many parents choose an open adoption where both sides make regular contact and stay in the child’s life [14]. 

If you opt for sperm donation with artificial insemination, you can be assured of quality. Men who donate sperm must first be screened for genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. However, the number of genetic disorders tested varies, so make sure you get comprehensive screening [15]. 

Vasectomy Reversal Success Rate

With an experienced microsurgeon, some doctors claim your chance of a successful reversal is between 80 and 90%. This figure describes your chance of sperm returning to your ejaculate. Newer robotic procedures have begun to show higher success rates with sperm returning, such as an early average estimate of 92% [8]. 

However, some estimates put the success rate at only 52%, measuring it by pregnancy rates within two years [6]. A 2018 review of both vasectomy reversal surgeries states that you have a 47% chance of getting your partner pregnant using current microsurgical vasectomy reversal procedures [8].  

It is a myth that reversal surgeries only work on men who had vasectomies less than 10 years prior [1]. You still have a chance at success even if your procedure was 15 or 20 years ago. To avoid disappointment, doctors advise that you consider your female partner’s age and rule out any fertility problems on her side. 

If you’re seeking relief from Post-Vasectomy Pain Syndrome (PVPS), you have a high chance of significant benefit. A study of 36 men with PVPS found that their average pain scores fell from 6.78 to 1.13 after surgery. As these numbers are on a 10-point scale, it shows a drop from moderately severe persistent pain to mild pain, which you may not always notice [16]. 

There was no real difference between vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy, so your chances of relief are the same regardless of what you need [16]. 

Vasectomy Reversal Risks

Most vasectomy reversals are without complications. One problem you may experience is scrotal hematoma, however, it is rare. One study found a rate of only seven hematomas out of 2500 procedures. No men suffered infection, and none needed another surgery to correct them. Most resolve within 12 weeks [5]. 

Another potential male infertility after surgery is the formation of blockages months later. Some researchers have recorded rates of 2.9-5.3%, where sperm return is only temporary. Sperm granuloma, which indicates leakage out of the tubes, is another sign of failure. For these reasons, it’s advisable to bank your sperm as soon as the flow returns [5]. 

Additionally, the use of general anesthetic is always risky. Compared to local anesthetic, general anesthesia has a higher risk of infection, hematoma, low blood pressure, nausea and vomiting [17]. 

Fortunately, you are able to choose between local or general anesthesia [5]. Easily-felt ends of the vas deferens and having your vasectomy a relatively short amount of time ago can qualify you for local anesthetic alone. Otherwise, shop around for a provider who will give you a spinal or epidural anesthesia instead. 

If you are reading this because you are considering a vasectomy, consider the difference between reversal surgery and tubal ligation side effects and reversal. A tubal ligation is more invasive and women must have general anesthetic for the surgery and any future reversal. 

Vasectomy Reversal Cost

The cost of a vasectomy reversal ranges from $6,000 to $15,000 in the USA, according to CostHelper. If you need the more complex vasoepididymostomy, around $700 to $1500 is added on. This includes doctor and facility fees as well as the anesthetic. Unfortunately, it is usually not covered by insurance and many plans specifically exclude the procedure [6]. 

Ensure that you ask the doctor what their personal success rates are with vasectomy reversals. If you wish for another child, the cost will be worth it if the procedure is successful. As some estimate that just over half of couples successfully conceive after a reversal, you must also make sure sperm banking is included [8]. 

Of course, you must add in time taken off work as a “cost” if you cannot get paid leave. If you are self-employed, you may have to hire a stand-in to take over certain tasks while you recover. 

FAQ

In a nutshell, what are your chances of conceiving naturally after a vasectomy? We’re answering some of the most commonly asked questions. 

What Percentage of Vasectomies Are Reversible?

A skilled microsurgeon gives you an 80-90% chance that your vasectomy reversal will be successful [1]. Actual pregnancy rates are unfortunately lower due to variable sperm counts, quality and fertility. Only half of couples conceive after a vasectomy reversal. 

vasectomy side effects and reversal Percentage of successful pregnancies following vasectomy reversal procedures
About 50% of couples managed to conceive following a vasovasostomy and 30% after a vasoepididymostomy
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521749/

How Easy Is It to Reverse a Vasectomy?

Although the surgery can take up to several hours, vasectomy reversal is still a day procedure and you can do light activity in a few days. Microsurgical techniques used are quite advanced so you still need to look for an experienced surgeon.  

Are Vasectomy Reversals Common?

Compared to vasectomy, reversals are not as common as less than 6% of men consider them. This is, however, 6% of 175-340,000 procedures performed every year. In other words, up to 20,000 men each year are expected to wish for another child [5]. 

Conclusion

When looking at male birth control options, a vasectomy is a safe and permanent method. If you happen to change your mind and wish for another child, a reversal is possible, although the surgery is more complex.

If you cannot conceive, adoption or the use of a sperm donor can help you achieve your dreams of fatherhood. We wish you all the best on your journey. 

References

  1.       “Vasectomy Reversal (Vasovasostomy).” Yale Medicine, Yale Medicine, 25 Nov. 2019, www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/vasectomy-reversal-vasovasostomy.
  2.       Zini, Armand, et al. “CUA Guideline: Vasectomy.” Canadian Urological Association Journal = Journal De L’Association Des Urologues Du Canada, Canadian Medical Association, Aug. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5110415/.
  3.     “Long-Term Risks of Vasectomy: GLOWM.” Global Library of Womens Medicine, www.glowm.com/section-view/item/408#.YN3Yr7vivIU. 
  4. J;, Rajan RR;Cuesta KH;Squadrito. “Vasovenous Fistula after Vasectomy.” The Journal of Urology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9366361/. 
  5.       Herrel, Lindsey, and Wayland Hsiao. “Microsurgical Vasovasostomy.” Asian Journal of Andrology, Nature Publishing Group, Jan. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739128/.
  6.       “How Much Does a Vasectomy Reversal Cost?” CostHelper, health.costhelper.com/vasectomy-reversal.html
  7.   authors, All, and Aaron M. Bernie. “Vasectomy Reversal in Humans.” Taylor & Francis, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/spmg.22591. 
  8.       Namekawa, Takeshi et al. “Vasovasostomy and vasoepididymostomy: Review of the procedures, outcomes, and predictors of patency and pregnancy over the last decade.” Reproductive medicine and biology vol. 17,4 343-355. 22 May. 2018, doi:10.1002/rmb2.12207
  9.       Valerie, U, et al. “Pregnancy after Vasectomy: Surgical Reversal or Assisted Reproduction?” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 17 May 2018, academic.oup.com/humrep/article/33/7/1218/4996984?login=true.
  10.   “What Is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?” Reproductive Facts, www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/documents/fact-sheets-and-info-booklets/what-is-intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-icsi/.
  11.   “How Much Does Artificial Insemination Cost?” CostHelper, health.costhelper.com/artificial-insemination.html.
  12.   American Society for Reproductive Medicine. “White Paper: Access to Care Summit.” September 10, 2015, atcwhitepaper.pdf (asrm.org).
  13. Patel, Abhishek P, and Ryan P Smith. “Vasectomy Reversal: a Clinical Update.” Asian Journal of Andrology, Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd, 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854082/. 
  14.   American Adoptions, Inc. “The Domestic Adoption Process [Complete Guide to How Adoption Works].” American Adoptions – How to Adopt a Child – The Domestic Adoption Process, www.americanadoptions.com/adopt/the_domestic_adoption_process_step_by_step.
  15.   Kent D. W. Bream, MD. “Heritable Disease and Sperm Donation.” JAMA, JAMA Network, 17 Feb. 2010, jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/185381. 
  16.   Lee, Joo Yong, et al. “A Comparison of Epididymectomy with Vasectomy Reversal for the Surgical Treatment of Postvasectomy Pain Syndrome.” International Urology and Nephrology, Springer Netherlands, 21 Sept. 2013, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11255-013-0517-9.
  17.   Locke, Maren C., et al. “Assessing the Outcomes, Risks, and Costs of Local versus General Anesthesia: A Review with Implications for Cutaneous Surgery.” Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Mosby, 12 Jan. 2018, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0190962218300938. 

Non-Hormonal Copper IUD: Effectiveness and Side Effects of the Paragard IUD

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Non-Hormonal Copper IUD: Effectiveness and Side Effects of the Paragard IUD

Due to the long list of side effects of hormonal contraceptives, many women choose to use a non-hormonal option. Unfortunately, non-hormonal methods aren’t always as effective as their counterparts. 

Thankfully the copper IUD is one of the most effective methods of contraception available to women, and it is entirely hormone-free. 

This article investigates how it works, its side effects, pros and cons, and where and how it can be inserted should it be the best choice for you. 

Key Takeaways

  • The copper intrauterine device is one of the most effective non-hormonal birth control options available.
  • It can be used for emergency contraception up to 5 days after unprotected sex.
  • It lasts for up to 10 years.
  • It does not prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
  • Although it has fewer side effects than hormonal options, it may cause heavy bleeding and prolonged periods.
  • The only copper IUD available in America is the Paragard IUD.

What Is the Copper IUD?

A copper intrauterine device (IUD) is a long-term, non-hormonal birth control method. It consists of a copper wire coiled around a plastic, T-shaped frame. This small T-shaped device is inserted into the uterus and effectively prevents pregnancy for up to ten years. 

Copper IUDs are used by more than 150 million women globally and are among the most effective contraception forms available [1].

copper iud Prevalence of copper IUD use
It was found that the copper IUD is more commonly used in less developed countries
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971735/

How Does the Copper IUD Work?

A copper IUD is inserted into your uterus through a thin tube. The copper wire coiled around the T-shaped device gradually releases copper ions into its surroundings. Unlike hormonal options, copper IUDs do not affect the thickness of the uterus lining or cervical mucus. 

Instead, the copper ions released by the IUD help avoid pregnancy in two ways; by preventing implantation and by changing the direction in which sperm travel [2]. 

Implantation Prevention

There is some evidence that intrauterine devices, including copper IUDs, can prevent implantation of the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterine lining [3]. 

The copper ions released by the device cause a form of uterine inflammation that may make it more difficult for a fertilized egg to implant.

However, the copper IUD’s primary pregnancy prevention method is through: 

Changing Sperm Travel Patterns

Once a woman has a copper IUD inserted, the device immediately begins releasing copper ions. 

Copper ions disrupt the planned path of sperm in the following ways [4]:

  • By causing localized inflammation in the uterus, the white blood cells that respond to the inflammation will kill any foreign cells, including sperm, that may enter the uterus. 
  • By acting on cervical mucus in a way that turns it into a makeshift spermicide. Usually, sperm must swim through the mucus to reach the uterus. However, once the copper ions act on the mucus, they either kill or make sperm unable to move. 

Sperm reacts negatively to both the effect of and the copper ions themselves. This results in sperm being unable to reach the uterus or continue on their projected path toward the egg.

Sperm that can’t reach an egg can’t fertilize it.

What Is the Failure Rate of Copper IUD?

Copper IUDs are one of the most effective birth control methods available to women. With a failure rate of 0.1%, a copper IUD effectively prevents pregnancy 99.9% of the time [5]. 

copper iud Failure rate of IUDs compared to other contraceptive methods
Both LNG and copper IUDs have very low failure rates compared to other contraceptive methods
Source: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm

Although a copper IUD cannot directly prevent an ectopic pregnancy, which happens when an embryo implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus, it significantly decreases the chance of this happening compared to women using no contraception whatsoever.

The only significant threat to the overall effectiveness of copper IUDs is possible expulsion from the body. 

Several risk factors may place you at an increased risk for IUD expulsion, including [6]: 

  • Getting an IUD inserted within four weeks of giving birth [7].
  • Being under the age of 20 when the IUD is inserted.
  • Having heavy or prolonged periods.
  • Experiencing severe abdominal or pelvic pain during menstruation, as the muscle contractions during cramps can push the IUD out of your body.

Does Copper IUD Lose Effectiveness Over Years?

The concentration of copper ions released by a copper IUD may vary. However, the effectiveness of the device does not. 

The copper IUD can prevent pregnancy for ten years, although some women have reported it maintained its effectiveness for up to 12 years after insertion [8]. 

Compared to the effectiveness of condoms or other forms of birth control, the copper IUD is one of the best options for women who don’t want to get pregnant and don’t want to use hormonal birth control. 

Copper IUD Brands

Currently, the only copper IUDs available in America are manufactured by Paragard.

Paragard (Copper IUD)

The Paragard IUD has been FDA approved for use in the US for over 30 years since 1988 [9].

The IUD is only available via prescription and lasts for up to 10 years, although many family planning centers allow them to be used for 12 years, and they still maintain effectiveness.

What Is Copper IUD Insertion Like?

Before choosing the copper IUD as your preferred form of birth control, you must discuss it with your health care provider.

Copper IUDs are only inserted on a doctor’s prescription, and there are several contraindications for its use. 

IUD Insertion Process

Before Insertion

A doctor will either conduct tests or ask for medical information to ensure you are not pregnant. They will then perform a pelvic exam to ascertain the position of your uterus. 

Insertion

After a pelvic exam, a doctor will insert a tool called a speculum into your vagina to keep it open and widened. 

The horizontal arms of the IUD are folded down, and the device is placed inside an applicator tube. This applicator tube is then gently inserted into your vagina, and the IUD is positioned inside the uterus. 

Once the IUD is in the right location, the applicator tube is slowly pulled out, and the IUD arms are released. This may cause an uncomfortable pinch. 

After Insertion

IUDs usually have one or two strings attached to them that extend into your cervix and vagina. Once the IUD is inserted, your doctor may trim these strings so that only a tiny section hangs inside your vagina. 

You may experience some cramping or spotting after an IUD is inserted, although this should not cause extreme discomfort or continue for more than a few days to a week.

IUD Insertion Timing

The copper IUD can be inserted at any point during your menstrual cycle, provided you are not pregnant [10]. 

One of the most significant benefits of a copper IUD is that women can have the IUD inserted as an emergency contraceptive, which can help them avoid pregnancy up to five days after unprotected sex [11].

How to Prepare for Paragard Insertion 

Once you and your doctor agree a Paragard IUD is the right birth control choice for you, an appointment will be scheduled for insertion. 

The entire process usually takes between 15 and 20 minutes. 

Although there are no specific requirements before getting an IUD inserted, some of the following steps may help make the process easier and more comfortable: 

  • Bring a mild painkiller like ibuprofen with you to take after the IUD is inserted.
  • You can also take ibuprofen or acetaminophen an hour before your appointment to help ease some of the discomfort.
  • Eat something small before your appointment to prevent dizziness.
  • Stay hydrated before and after your appointment. This step is essential as your doctor will ask for a urine sample to ensure you are not pregnant before insertion. 

When Does Paragard Start Working?

Unlike hormonal IUDs, Paragard prevents pregnancy from the minute it is inserted. However, due to mild cramping and discomfort, some women choose to wait a few days after insertion before having sexual intercourse, although it’s not necessary.

How Is the Copper IUD Removed?

Once the copper IUD has been in place for about ten years, or you decide to try and get pregnant, your healthcare provider can remove your copper IUD in a simple, pain-free process. 

The IUD removal typically involves the use of a speculum to widen your vaginal walls. The doctor will then grasp the IUD string with a pair of forceps. Gently pulling on the strings will cause the IUD arms to fold upwards, and the entire device should easily slide out of your uterus and vagina.

If the IUD has become attached to your uterine wall, your doctor may perform a slightly more complicated procedure to remove it, called a hysteroscopy. 

During a hysteroscopy, small tools are inserted into your uterus to facilitate the removal of the IUD. Sometimes anesthesia may be recommended, and the process can take anything from a few minutes to an hour to complete. 

Copper IUD Side Effects

Like any other birth control method, copper IUDs have side effects that manifest with varying intensity from person to person. 

The most common side effects of a copper IUD include [12]:

copper iud
  • Mild cramping.
  • Irregular bleeding.
  • Heavy or prolonged periods.
  • Increased period pain.

In many cases, these symptoms will dissipate after a few months [13]. This should bring an end to any pain, heavy bleeding, or heavier periods you were experiencing.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Another adverse effect of the copper IUD is the slightly increased risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease. Although the occurrence of pelvic infection after the insertion of a copper IUD is very rare, its symptoms can be alarming. They should be made note of if you are considering using a copper IUD for birth control [14]. 

Symptoms of PID include [15]: 

  • Foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
  • Lower abdominal pain.
  • Pelvic pain.
  • Vaginal bleeding.

If you suspect you may have PID, inform and get to your health care provider as soon as possible.

Is the Copper IUD Bad for Your Body?

Besides some uncomfortable side effects, the copper IUD should not have any adverse effects on your body and is considered safe.

Does Copper IUD Cause Weight Gain?

Since the copper IUD is not a hormonal birth control method, it does not have the same side effects as birth control pills or hormonal IUDs. The copper IUD, therefore, does not cause weight gain at all.

Copper IUD Contraindications

Before getting a copper IUD inserted, it is crucial to discuss any possible contraindications that would make you a poor candidate for the device with your health care provider. 

The four main copper IUD contraindications are:

Copper Allergy

One of the most significant contraindications for a copper IUD is a possible allergic reaction to copper. The IUD releases copper ions into your uterus, which could cause symptoms like [16]: 

  • Hives.
  • Red or inflamed skin.
  • Swelling of the eyelids and labia.

Wilson’s Disease

People with Wilson’s disease experience the symptoms of copper toxicity, including weakness, itching, and vomiting [17]. 

These symptoms occur because this rare genetic illness makes it difficult for your liver to process and remove excess copper from your body [18]. A copper IUD releases even more copper ions into your uterus, which could worsen the disease and its symptoms.

Uterine or Cervical Cancer

Women who currently have invasive cervical or uterine cancer should not get the IUD as insertion could cause damage to the tissues of the cervix or uterus due to swelling or tumors [19]. 

The mild inflammatory effect of the copper IUD could also worsen the discomfort caused by the cancers.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS causes irregular bleeding, which may cause the copper IUD to move or be expelled. Usually, women with PCOS are prescribed copper IUDs on a case-by-case basis [20].

What Are the Pros and Cons of the Copper IUD?

Below are the main advantages and disadvantages of the copper IUD.

Pros

  • An extremely effective form of birth control.
  • It can be used for emergency contraception up to five days after unprotected sex.
  • It doesn’t need daily maintenance, which is especially beneficial for younger women.
  • It does not cause permanent sterilization.
  • It doesn’t affect your menstrual cycle.
  • Safe to use while breastfeeding [21].
  • No interactions with medication [22].
  • It can last for more than ten years.
  • You don’t need to interrupt sex to use it.

Cons 

  • It does not prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or HIV.
  • It cannot prevent ectopic pregnancy, although the chance of having an ectopic pregnancy with a copper IUD is lower than without any contraception whatsoever.
  • May cause side effects like heavy bleeding and painful periods.
  • It could cause uterine perforation, although this is rare [23].

Benefits and Risks of Non-Hormonal Birth Control

Many people choose to use non-hormonal birth control methods to avoid the side effects hormonal methods cause, such as [24, 25]: 

  • Weight gain.
  • Blood clots.
  • Nausea.
  • Spotting. 
  • Breakthrough bleeding.
  • Irregular bleeding.
  • Headaches.

Some of the most effective non-hormonal birth control methods include: 

  • Birth control sponge: The contraceptive sponge is a barrier that prevents possible pregnancy by releasing spermicide and blocking the path sperm use to reach the uterus. The sponge is a soft round disk that fits snugly over your cervix [26]. The birth control sponge is about 76% effective.
  • Spermicides: Spermicide is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. It works by preventing sperm from reaching the uterus and killing most of them in the process. Spermicides alone are about 72% effective at preventing pregnancy [27].
  • Cervical cap: The cervical cap is a reusable barrier method of avoiding pregnancy. It fits tightly over the cervix and helps your body atop a possible pregnancy 94% of the time [28]. Take a look at our article on how to use a cervical cap if this seems like the right method for you.
  • Outercourse: Outercourse involves having non-penetrative sex. Although there is a slight chance you can get pregnant from semen deposited outside the vaginal canal, this rarely happens.
  • Male condoms: Male condoms are not only effective but can prevent the transmission of STIs and HIV [29]. It is still one of the most popular contraceptive measures available.
  • Diaphragm: Similarly to the cervical cap, the diaphragm works as a barrier, preventing the passage of sperm through your cervix. It is effective around 90% of the time [30].

Despite their benefits, most forms of non-hormonal contraception are not nearly as effective as their hormonal counterparts—all except for the copper IUD that rivals even the most trusted oral or intrauterine hormonal contraception forms.

FAQ

We’ve answered some of the most frequently asked questions about the copper Paragard IUD below.

Should I Get a Non-Hormonal IUD?

Discuss using a non-hormonal intrauterine device for pregnancy prevention with your health care provider. 

The best contraceptive method for you depends on various factors that cannot be answered in a blog post or article. However, if you’re in search of a form of birth control that produces minimal side effects and does not require regular maintenance, a non-hormonal IUD may be right for you.

What’s It Like to Have a Copper IUD?

Besides the unnecessary worry that your partner may feel the IUD strings, or the weird thought that a tiny device is the only thing preventing your pregnancy, a copper IUD doesn’t feel strange at all. 

It doesn’t interfere with your menstrual cycle or cause severe side effects, and due to its longevity, most people eventually don’t even remember or care that it’s there until they want it removed. 

Where Can I Get the Copper IUD?

The Paragard IUD is the only copper IUD available in the United States. You can have it inserted at most family planning clinics, planned parenthood centers, clinics, and hospitals. 

Not only will your health care provider advise you on the suitability of a copper IUD for contraception, but they will likely also be the ones to insert the device. 

If you need more information on how to get birth control, take a look at our detailed article on the subject.

How Much Does the Copper IUD Cost?

A copper IUD is likely to be covered by your insurance provider due to the affordable care act making it compulsory for all health insurance plans to cover contraceptive measures. 

This means you should get a copper IUD for free or at a very low price.

Without insurance, though, copper IUDs could cost up to $1,300.

Can I Get the Copper IUD Without Insurance?

Yes, you can get a copper IUD without insurance, although this could be expensive, as they can potentially cost over $1,000.

Conclusion

If you’re looking for a non-hormonal method of contraception, the variety of choices available may be overwhelming. The copper IUD is not only one of the most effective non-hormonal birth control options available, but it lasts for over a decade. 

Its relatively low maintenance, fewer side effects, and non-invasive way of working make it an excellent option for women looking to change the way they prevent pregnancy.

References:

  1. Kaneshiro, Bliss, and Tod Aeby. “Long-Term Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Acceptability of the Intrauterine Copper T-380A Contraceptive Device.” International Journal of Women’s Health, Dove Medical Press, 9 Aug. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971735/.
  2. Kaneshiro, Bliss, and Tod Aeby. “Long-Term Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Acceptability of the Intrauterine Copper T-380A Contraceptive Device.” International Journal of Women’s Health, Dove Medical Press, 9 Aug. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971735/.
  3. HB;, Ortiz ME;Croxatto. “Copper-T Intrauterine Device and Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System: Biological Bases of Their Mechanism of Action.” Contraception, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17531610/.
  4. “The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.” Copper Intrauterine Device (IUD) | The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, embryo.asu.edu/pages/copper-intrauterine-device-iud.
  5. Goldstuck, Norman D, and Tik Shan Cheung. “The Efficacy of Intrauterine Devices for Emergency Contraception and beyond: a Systematic Review Update.” International Journal of Women’s Health, Dove, 21 Aug. 2019, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6709799/.
  6. Jatlaoui TC;Whiteman MK;Jeng G;Tepper NK;Berry-Bibee E;Jamieson DJ;Marchbanks PA;Curtis KM; “Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obstetrics and Gynecology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30204688/.
  7. Jatlaoui TC;Whiteman MK;Jeng G;Tepper NK;Berry-Bibee E;Jamieson DJ;Marchbanks PA;Curtis KM; “Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Obstetrics and Gynecology, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30204688/.
  8. Kaneshiro, Bliss, and Tod Aeby. “Long-Term Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Acceptability of the Intrauterine Copper T-380A Contraceptive Device.” International Journal of Women’s Health, Dove Medical Press, 9 Aug. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2971735/.
  9. Nelson, Anita L, and Natasha Massoudi. “New Developments in Intrauterine Device Use: Focus on the US.” Open Access Journal of Contraception, Dove Medical Press, 13 Sept. 2016, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5683151/.
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